Mainstream historians note that after the Siege of the Trench, the men of the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza were executed for violating their mutual defense treaty and collaborating with the invading Meccan coalition.
Traditional early Islamic biographies (like Ibn Ishaq) estimate the casualties between 400 and 900 men based on a legal verdict delivered by an arbiter using biblical laws of warfare. However, modern critical revisionist scholars question these high numbers, arguing that the accounts were compiled generations later and likely exaggerated the scale of the execution.
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