The Quran

What is The Quran?

Quran, literally meaning "the recitation" is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).

It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. The Quran is divided into chapters (surah in Arabic), which are then divided into verses (ayah). Muslims believe that the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad.

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Frequently Asked Questions (1) | The Quran

1.Why should we believe the Quran if it comes 600 years after Jesus?

The 600-year gap does not invalidate the Quran, as earlier prophets had similar gaps between them, and early Bible manuscripts date to roughly the same period as the Quranic revelation.

2.What is the Quran?

The Quran is the sacred scripture of Islam, which was revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel.

3.How was the Quran revealed?

The Quran was verbally delivered to Prophet Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel; the Prophet would then repeat the precise words, which were simultaneously memorised and recorded by scribes.

4.What does the Quran say about Jews and Christians?

The Quran recognizes Jews and Christians as "People of the Book" (Ahl al-Kitab), acknowledging that they were given previous divine revelations through prophets like Moses and Jesus. While it praises the righteous among them, it also critiques their theological developments, specifically rejecting the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the divine sonship of Jesus.

5.How authentic is the Quran historically?

Islamic tradition holds that the text of the Quran has been preserved perfectly since its 7th-century revelation, with oral memorisation and scribal dictation acting as dual tracking methods. Mainstream secular historians and academic textual critics confirm that early surviving fragments (such as the Birmingham Quran manuscript) demonstrate remarkable textual stability, verifying its core compilation dates to within a few decades of the Prophet Muhammad's lifetime.

6.How was the Quran text kept authentic?

According to historical records, whenever a passage was revealed, the Prophet Muhammad immediately dictated the verses to literate scribes while simultaneously instructing the community to commit them to memory. This dual tracking framework where oral recitation by thousands of companions double-checked the physical parchment, leather, and palm leaves prevented textual isolation and provided a robust system of communal validation before the definitive text was standardized.

7.How was the Quran preserved?

Whenever a fragment of the Quran was revealed, Prophet Muhammad would immediately call one of his literate companions to dictate the exact verses and specify their precise placement in the text. To ensure perfect accuracy, the Prophet had the scribe repeat the verses back to correct any errors. Additionally, every year during Ramadan, he would recite the compiled revelation to the Archangel Gabriel. Verses were written down on highly diverse materials such as parchment, leather, and wooden tablets. While thousands of companions simultaneously committed the entire text to memory, creating a dual preservation system that kept the message authentic.

8.After the death of Muhammad, the Quran was changed?

No, this is inaccurate. The first three Caliphs, particularly Uthman, conducted a strict and critical analysis of the text because Islam was expanding rapidly among non-Arabic speakers and it was essential to maintain the original purity of the revelation. Standardised copies were sent to the major centres of the Islamic Empire, and the oldest surviving manuscripts found worldwide today�including fragments in Paris�remain identical, proving the text has been fully preserved.

9.Is Muhammad mentioned in the Quran?

Yes, the name Muhammad is explicitly mentioned by name four distinct times in the text of the Quran (Surah Al-Imran 3:144, Surah Al-Ahzab 33:40, Surah Muhammad 47:2, and Surah Al-Fath 48:29), where he is formally designated as the Messenger of God and the "Seal of the Prophets." Additionally, he is addressed once by the name Ahmad in Surah As-Saff (61:6), inside a narrative where Jesus prophesies the future arrival of a messenger coming after him.

10.Does the Quran tell Jews and Christians to refer to their Scriptures (Torah and Bible)?

Yes, the Quran references previous scriptures in passages like Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:47), which tells the followers of the Gospel to judge by what God has revealed in it. From an academic perspective, this reflects the historical context of 7th-century Medina, where Jews and Christians were recognized as "People of the Book" who possessed divine laws. While Islamic theology holds that modern biblical texts have suffered from textual corruption (tahrif), the Quran historically appeals to the core monotheistic truths remaining in those scriptures to validate Muhammad's message.

11.Does the Quran encourage violence against the disbelievers (non-Muslims)?

Academic Islamic scholarship clarifies that verses in the Quran addressing warfare against non-Muslims were historically revealed during active, state-level conflicts with the pagan tribes of Mecca and their military allies. Mainstream historians emphasize that these specific martial passages must be read within their situational context of self-defence and treaty violations, rather than as an open-ended command to attack peaceful non-Muslims.

12.Are Muslims told to kill polytheists in the Quran?

Academic, context-based interpretations of the Quran indicate that verses regarding fighting (e.g., 9:5, 2:190) are historically situated within specific conflicts or treaty breaches rather than universal commands, emphasizing that the text generally prohibits indiscriminate violence, defends the sanctity of life (5:32), and allows for positive relations with peaceful non-Muslims (60:8).

13.Does the Quran promote killing?

14.Does the Quran promote violence?

15.Does the Quran encourage Muslims to kill non-Muslims?

16.Is their violence in the Quran?

Like many ancient religious scriptures, including the Hebrew Bible, the Quran contains passages dealing with warfare, military engagement, and state-level defense. Academic historians note that these specific verses were revealed chronologically during the 7th century to regulate battle conduct, enforce military discipline, and motivate the early Muslim community when they were heavily outnumbered by hostile pagan forces in Arabia.

17.Does the Quran encourage ill-treatment of non-Muslims?

No, orthodox Islamic theology strictly prohibits the unprovoked abuse, exploitation, or mistreatment of peaceful non-Muslims, explicitly warning in the Hadith literature that anyone who oppresses a religious minority will face divine complaints from the Prophet himself on the Day of Judgment. Scriptural texts command Muslims to uphold agreements, demonstrate broad compassion to all of creation, and engage in respectful theological dialogue.

18.Why does the Quran discourage the asking of questions?

This concept is rooted in Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:101), where the text advises believers not to ask about things that, if revealed to them, might cause them distress or unnecessary burden. Historical-critical and traditional scholars explain that this warning was directed at trivial, pedantic, or speculative inquiries that could over-complicate religious obligations, much like the extensive questioning regarding the sacrificial cow in the biblical and Quranic narrative of the Israelites, rather than discouraging sincere, honest questions aimed at seeking knowledge and spiritual clarity.

Video on The Quran (90)

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Jesus in the Quran & Conflict Among His Early Followers

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