History of Ptolemy, Serapis and Roman Gods unified in 30 BC - Vivian Laughlin
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At the 2016 ASOR Annual Meeting, Vivian Laughlin presented her poster, "The Utilization of Serapis from 30 B.C. – A.D. 230 within Roman Elite Houses in Italy."
To learn more about the ASOR Annual
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Vivian Laughlin is a doctoral candidate at the Institute of Archaeology at Andrews University. Her concentrations are Ancient Near Eastern & Roman
Archaeology and Anthropology, with an Early Church History cognate. Laughlin's research pursuits have provided unique ethnographical, ethnohistorical, ethnoarchaeological and excavation opportunities in Australia, Egypt, Greece, Haiti, Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Italy (Rome, Sicily, Tivoli), and Turkey.
Serapis is a Graeco-Egyptian deity. The cult of Serapis was introduced during the third century BC on the orders of Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter of the
Ptolemaic Kingdom as a means to unify the Greeks and Egyptians in his realm. A serapeum was any temple or religious precinct devoted to Serapis. The cultus of Serapis was spread as a matter of deliberate policy by the Ptolemaic kings, who also built the immense Serapeum of Alexandria. Serapis continued to increase in popularity during the Roman Empire, often replacing Osiris as the consort of Isis in temples outside Egypt. Serapis was depicted as Greek in appearance but with Egyptian trappings, and combined iconography from a great many cults, signifying both abundance and resurrection.
Ptolemy I Soter (367 BC-282 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general under Alexander the Great. He was one of the three Diadochi who succeeded to his
empire. Ptolemy became ruler of Egypt (323-282 BC) and founded a dynasty which ruled it for the next three centuries, turning Egypt into a Hellenistic kingdom and Alexandria into a center of Greek culture. He assimilated some aspects of Egyptian culture, however, assuming the traditional title pharaoh in 305/4 BC.
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization. From the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western
Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire. The civilization began as an Italic settlement in the Italian peninsula, dating from the 8th century BC, that grew into the city of Rome and which subsequently gave its name to the empire over which it ruled and to the widespread civilisation the empire developed. The Roman empire expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world, though still ruled from the city, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 5.0 million square kilometres at its height in AD 117.
In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians
commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence.
<ul>
<li>In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe</li>
<li>In deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe</li>
<li>Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God</li>
<li>In pantheism, God is the universe itself</li>
<li>In atheism, God is purported not to exist, while deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. </li>
</ul>
In Exodus 3:14, John 6:20, John 8:24, John 8:58, Mark 6:50, Mark 13:6, Luke 21:8, Matthew 14:27 and Acts 26:29 Jesus claims I AM (Ego Eimi) God - John Schoenheit (BiblicalUnitarian)
An Infinite Universe does not point to a Big Bang,
nor does Fine-Tuning increase probability for a God. On Repulsive Gravity? I don't know! - Imran London & Hamza Myatt vs Atheist Phil
In Genesis 28:12, Jacob visioned a ladder from Man to God. John wrote Jesus was 'that ladder'. Most of John's characters are mystical and Literary, not Historical persons - John Spong
The GodFather: Muhammad executed 600 men. Moses, Joshua, David and Solomon did similar violence. Is the Old Testament immoral? - Adnan Rashid vs Jason Burns
John's Gospel parallels Gnostic-Pagan-Hermetic ideas (dualism, oneness/son of God, trinity, Father etc.) to promote his Jewish-Christianity - Kegan Chandler
Valentinus (100-160 AD, Gnostic Christian) wrote of Monad, the highest, mysterious, unknowable God; rival to Demiurge (Yahweh, God) - Robert Sullivan IV
Tacitus (56-120 AD), Suetonius (69-126), Pliny (61-113), Lucian (120-192) & Thallus do NOT prove an Historical Jesus ever Existed in 33 AD - Godless Engineer
The Talmud (400 AD), Mara Bar-Serapion (73), Celsus (175) & Josephus (37-100) do NOT prove an Historical Jesus ever Existed in 33 AD - Godless Engineer