Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (647-705 AD), was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with religious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Muawiya I (r.?661–680), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I (r.?684–685). By the time of Abd al-Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second Fitna and had been reconstituted in Syria and Egypt during his father's reign.
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