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Have you ever heard someone argue that the Bible is untrustworthy, inconsistent, and incomplete? How have you responded? Dr. Michael Kruger (http://www.rts.edu/seminary/faculty/bio.aspx?id=430)joined us on Friday, Feb. 13th, 2015 to engage in a discussion on these matters as we seek to defend the trustworthiness, consistency, and sufficiency of the Word of God.
Conversations that Matter: "The Bible's Missing Books?"
Friday, February 13, 2015
Holy Trinity Presbyterian Church
350 S. Hyde Park Ave. Tampa, FL 33606
813-259-3500
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Overview & Key Concepts
Who is Michael Kruger?
Michael Kruger is the President and the Samuel C. Patterson Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at Reformed Theological Seminary in
What is The Bible?
The Bible is a canonical collection of texts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. There is no single "Bible" and many Bibles with varying contents
exist. The term Bible is shared between Judaism and Christianity, although the contents of each of their collections of canonical texts is not the same.
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Different religious groups include different books within their Biblical canons, in different orders, and sometimes divide or combine books, or incorporate additional material into canonical books.
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The Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, contains 24 books. Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to the 81 books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church canon.
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The first part of Christian Bibles is the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible divided into 39 books and ordered differently from the Hebrew Bible. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold certain deuterocanonical books and passages to be part of the Old Testament canon.
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The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books: the 4 Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or didactic letters, and the Book of Revelation.
What is Sin?
In Abrahamic contexts, sin is the act of violating God's will. Sin can also be viewed as anything that violates the ideal relationship between an
individual and God; or as any diversion from the ideal order for human living. To sin has been defined as "to miss the mark".
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Sins fall in a spectrum from minor errors to deadly misdeeds. Catholicism regards the least corrupt sins as venial sins which are part of human living and carry immediate consequences on earth, and, if unrepented for, more painful purgation, assuming the person is destined to heaven, as it is written in the formation letter "Purgatory", "most of the early Fathers of the Church speak of a cleansing fire, though we cannot tell whether this means actual or spiritual fire."
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Conversely, sins of great evil are mortal sins which bring the consequence of hell if they are not addressed either through an act of perfect contrition or going to confession about them.
Frequently Asked Questions
1.Do Muslims believe in the Bible?
And We sent, following in their footsteps, Jesus, the son of Mary, confirming that which came before him in the Torah; and We gave him the Gospel, in which was guidance and light and confirming that which preceded it of the Torah as guidance and instruction for the righteous. [Quran 5:46]
Therefore Muslims believe their was a Gospel and it was revealed by God.
2.What is the Bible?
The Bible is the holy book of the Christians
3.In the Bible, God says "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Begotten son"
The words "Begotten" and "Son" are not accurate. View Jesus is the Son of God for more information.
In the Quran, God says:
"They say: (God) Most Gracious has begotten a son! Indeed ye have put forth a thing most monstrous! At it the skies are ready to burst, the earth to split asunder, and the mountains to fall down in utter ruin, That they should invoke a son for (God) Most Gracious. For it is not consonant with the majesty of (God) Most Gracious that He should beget a son." (Quran 19:88-92)
4.Who were the authors of the books in the Bible?
Obviously the Church must know them very well since they are popularly believed to have received divine inspiration from God Himself. Right? Actually, they don't.
For example, we will note that every Gospel begins with the introduction "According to..." such as:
"The Gospel according to Mark"
"The Gospel according to Matthew"
"The Gospel according to Luke"
"The Gospel according to John"
The obvious conclusion for the average man on the street is that these people are known to be the authors of the books attributed to them.
This, however is not the case. Why? Because not one of the vaunted 4,000 copies existent carries its author's signature.
It has just been assumed that certain people were the authors of the books.
5.Does the Bible tell us to act like slaves?
Historically, the Bible has been used by some to enslave, subjugate and dominate over a people.
The "Curse of Ham" Myth: Pro-slavery advocates twisted Genesis 9 to claim that people of African descent were divinely cursed to be eternal servants.
Old Testament Legal Protection: Slaveholders cited Leviticus 25 to argue that purchasing foreign bondmen and passing them down as inherited property was biblically sanctioned.
Weaponising Obedience Verses: Plantation owners frequently read verses like Ephesians 6:5 ("Slaves, obey your masters") to religiously brainwash enslaved people against rebelling.
The Redacted "Slave Bible": British and American authorities physically censored the scriptures, deleting the entire Book of Exodus to hide the narrative of freedom from bondage.
Enforcing Fugitive Slave Laws: Pro-slavery preachers used Paul's letter to Philemon to argue that runaway slaves were legally and spiritually obligated to return to their masters.
6.Is Muhammad mentioned in the Bible?
God has placed many signs in Scripture which point to the coming of Muhammad.
7.Does the Bible support the Trinity (3-in-1) God concept?
This verse mentions the Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Ghost) in the King James Version Bible (KJV). Bible critics agree the KJV verse is a forgery that was added into the Bible. More modern, accurate Bibles give different text:
And the Spirit is the witness, because the Spirit is the truth - (RSV Bible)
And it is the Spirit that beareth witness, because the Spirit is the truth - (ASV Bible)
For there are three that testify: the Spirit, the water and the blood; and the three are in agreement. (NIV Bible)
8.The Bible is about peace and forgiveness
If two men are fighting and ones wife gets involved in the dispute, the Bible tells her husband to cut off her hand.
9.What is the punishment for apostasy in The Bible (Old Testament)?
According to the Bible (Old Testament), the punishment for apostasy (turning away from Gods religion) is death
10.Is the Bible a peaceful scripture with no violence?
No. In the Bible, Moses orders the killing of all men
11.What is the oldest manuscript of the Bible New Testament?
It is of enormous importance in establishing the biblical text. There are three earliest manuscripts of the Bible New Testament:
1. Codex Alexandrinus is one of the earliest and most important manuscripts of the entire Bible in Greek
2. Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most important books in the world and is kept in the British Library. Handwritten well over 1600 years ago, the manuscript contains the Christian Bible in Greek, including the oldest complete copy of the New Testament.
<"a href="http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/" target="_blank">codexsinaiticus.org
3. Codex Vaticanus in Rome
12.Is the word 'Bible' used in the Bible itself?
The Greek word 'Biblos' is a standard term for a collection of any books, and not specific to scripture. In Acts 19:19, a collection of books (Biblos) are burned. Does that mean the Holy Bible was burned and destroyed? Obviously not!
Many of them also which used curious arts brought their books (Biblos) together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver.
Acts 19:19
13.Who are the Gods in the Bible?
Emperor Constantine at the opening of the Council of Nicaea (325 AD) quoted Psalm 82:6 to remind the bishops that their high office should raise them above jealousy and party feeling.
The term 'God' was applied to people of power, authority and rule who were considered to have greater nearness to God than others - an appellation which implies that you are God's representatives on earth, and that your decision is, in an important sense, to be regarded as his.
14.Who translated the Bible from Greek into Latin?
Saint Jerome (342-420) was commissioned to translate the gospels from Greek into Latin. This key Catholic Biblical scholar was highly regarded and often represented with the figure of a lion.
15.When were Catholics encouraged to read the Bible for themselves?
In 1909, Pope Pius X first encouraged Bible study. For the first time, Catholics could now study the Bible for themselves and Catholicism returned to being a 'religion of the book' for the people
16.How was the Bible used to manipulate the people?
The 16th century translators of the Geneva Bible harnassed it to promote their anti-monarchist views.
The medieval Church prohibited use of the Bible to ensure people believed that they were told, not what they read, or others read to them.
17.Who was Lazarus of Bethany in the Bible?
In the Gospel of John, Lazarus was a close friend of Jesus Christ and the brother of Mary and Martha. They lived in the village of Bethany near Jerusalem.
18.What was the miracle of Lazarus of Bethany in the Bible?
Lazarus fell ill and died. According to the text, Jesus arrived four days after Lazarus was buried in a tomb, ordered the stone to be rolled away, and commanded, "Lazarus, come out!" The Raising of Lazarus is considered one of Jesus' most significant and dramatic miracles, directly setting off the events leading to the Crucifixion because it drew massive public attention.
