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Gospel is the Old English translation of Greek evangelion, meaning "good news". It originally meant the Christian message itself, but in the 2nd
The Synoptic Gospels strictly portray Jesus through a human lens as an honorable prophet, a moral hero, and a devoted martyr. They do not present him as a literal God who assumed human flesh, nor do they frame his life as a cosmic sacrifice intended to die and rise again for the spiritual salvation of mankind.
Paul was deeply unyielding toward alternative views of the faith, explicitly writing in Galatians 1:9 that if any person preached a gospel different from the one his followers had received, that individual should be completely accursed. This indicates he aggressively dismissed the legalistic, Jewish-Christian perspectives held by original disciples like James and Peter.
The Gospel of Matthew, aimed at law-abiding Jewish-Christians, did not support Pauline doctrine and actually stood in direct opposition to it.
The canonical gospels were composed during the second half of the 1st century, with Mark widely dated around 65-70 CE, followed by Matthew and Luke between 80-90 CE, and John close to 90-100 CE. These dates mean the texts were compiled decades after Jesus' earthly ministry, drawing on reliable oral traditions and early eyewitness testimonies.
In Galatians 1:6-9, Paul strongly condemned anyone preaching a different gospel, reflecting a significant conflict in the early church between his Gentile-inclusive mission and strict adherence to the Law.
The author of the fourth gospel is believed to be a Greek convert with limited knowledge of traditional Judaism, who frequently uses "the Jews" as an antagonistic term throughout the text.
The Apocrypha, meaning "hidden away," are ancient texts of uncertain authorship or questionable authenticity that were excluded from the official biblical canon, such as the Gospels of Thomas, Peter, and the Hebrews.
Regarded as a vital non-canonical text in studies of Christian origins, it contains sayings of Jesus and is considered by some to be an early record of his life.
In the 2nd century, some Christians felt its distinct tone and structure compared to the Synoptic Gospels warranted exclusion from the canon.
Following the Council of Nicaea, emperors including Constantine ordered the destruction of books belonging to Arius and his followers. An imperial decree was issued requiring adherence to the Trinity and condemning opposing views as heresy.