Muawiyah, the Founder of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 AD) | Al-Muqaddimah

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Uploaded: 28 Jul 2023 (3 years ago) · Shared: 13 Apr 2026

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Citations:
[1] Tim Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs: A 3000-Years History – p. 125
[2] Ali Muhammad al-Sallabi, The Biography of Uthman ibn Affan – p. 13
[3] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 7
[4] Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no. 83, p. 30
[5] Sunan Abi Dawud, 2086 (Sunnah.com)
[6] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – literally any page
[7] al-Tabari, XI – p. 81–83, 87–88
[8] al-Tabari, XII, 192–193
[9] Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate – See under “The Reigns of Abu Bakr and Umar, the First Caliphs
[10] al-Tabari, XII, 183–85; Baladhuri-Hitti, I, 216–19.
[11] Wilferd Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad – p. 60-61
[12] Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate – See under Uthman and the First Crisis of the Caliphate
[13] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 51
[14] al-Tabari, XV, p. 26–27
[15] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – p. 327
[16] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – p. 328
[17] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 60-61
[18] Abdullah al-Udhari, Classical Poems by Arab Women – p. 78
[19] Tim Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs: A 3000-Years History – p. 216
[20] al-Tabari, XV – p. 164, 259, 261
[21] al-Tabari, XV – p. 136-38, 149–53, 185
[22] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 71
[23] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 74
[24] Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate – See under Ali and the End of the Orthodox Caliphate
[25] Reza Aslan, No God but God – p. 134
[26] al-Tabari, XVI, 196–197
[27] Tim Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs: A 3000-Years History – p. 220
[28] al-Tabari, XVII, 85–86
[29] Martin Hinds, The Siffin Arbitration Agreement – p. 93-128
[30] Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers – p. 190
[31] Hannah-Lena Hagemann, The Kharijites in Early Islamic Historical Tradition – p. 137
[32] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 74
[33] “Maronite Chronicle” in Robert Hoyland’s Seeing Islam as Others Saw it – p. 138
[34] Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers – p. 167
[35] al- Tabari, XVIII – 23–24
[36] Hannah-Lena Hagemann, The Kharijites in Early Islamic Historical Tradition – p. 165
[37] Baladhuri, Ansab, II, 271
[38] Baladhuri-‘Abbas, IV/1, 206–208; also Tabari, XVIII, 78–81
[39] Wadad al-Qadi, Population Census and Land Surveys under the Ummayyads – p. 341-416
[40] Julius Wellhausen, The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall, p. 132–135
[41] “Maronite Chronicle” in Robert Hoyland’s Seeing Islam as Others Saw it – p. 138
[42] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – p. 330
[43] Ibn Khaldun-Rosenthal, I, 421–423
[44] al- Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no.147, p. 54–55
[45] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 121
[46] Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no. 83, p. 30
[47] Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no. 107, p. 38
[48] al-Tabari, XVIII, 198
[49] Sibt al-Jawzi al-Hanafi, Tazkirat al-Khawas – p. 191-192
[50] Chase Robinson, Abd al-Malik – p. 43

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EXPLORE TOPICS : AL-MUQADDIMAH | 10 UMAYYAD CALIPHATE | 3 UMAYYAD | 4

Overview & Key Concepts

What is Umayyad Caliphate?

The Umayyad Caliphate was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from

661 to 750 AD. It succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate, of which the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, was also a member of the Umayyad clan.

Syria remained the Umayyads' core power base thereafter, with Damascus as their capital.

At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered an area of 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi) making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of geographical size. The dynasty was overthrown by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the Umayyad dynasty established an emirate and then a caliphate in al-Andalus with its capital at Cordoba, which became a major centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the Islamic Golden Age.

The Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion in exchange for the payment of jizya (poll tax), from which Muslims were exempt. Muslims were required to pay the zakat, which was explicitly collected for the purposes of charity and for the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts. Under the early Umayyad caliphs, prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served under the Byzantines.
The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period of Islamic art.

Who are Al-Muqaddimah?

Salam and welcome to Al-Muqaddimah. My name is Syawish and I'm the one-man team that runs Al Muqaddimah. History has always appealed to me more than

most things and with time, I came to realize that a certain part, the real, detailed part, about people that called themselves Muslims, was barely available on youtube. It didn't take a lot of research to realize that even Muslims did not seem to know much of their history like how Islam reached the world, what happened to al-Andalus etc. Wanting to answer some of those questions, I decided to fill in the gaps with Al Muqaddimah.

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