Kenneth Humphreys is a featured scholar in the documentary film "Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus". Kenneth Humphreys holds a
In religion, a prophet is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on that entity's behalf. They
Gospel is the Old English translation of Greek evangelion, meaning "good news". It originally meant the Christian message itself, but in the 2nd
Judaism is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jewish people
In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians
A prophet is an individual chosen by God to guide humanity with spiritual and moral direction.
Yes, because they all consistently preached the worship of one absolute God and prohibited the worship of false deities.
While exact numbers vary with estimates ranging from 124,000 to over a million. They were systematically sent to every land, nation, and period.
All prophets delivered a consistent, unified message focusing on submitting to the Creator, providing instructions for daily life, and finding peace through divine guidance.
Thousands were sent to constantly redirect humanity to the worship of the one true Creator, preventing the worship of created entities, such as people, nature, or material objects.
A Muslim is strictly required to believe in, honour, and respect each and every prophet sent by God without exception.
Islam teaches all prophets were of high moral character and did not succumb to the sins their people committed. Although prophets were humans and capable of human errors of judgment, but such errors does not diminish their superiority or the respect Muslims are obliged to have for them.
The name reflects that all prophets taught monotheism and the worship of one God, making them all "in-essence" considered Muslim.
Over time, previous teachings had been altered or lost, so Muhammad was sent as the final prophet to restore, update, and unify the foundational principles of faith into a complete religion.
A prophet or messenger of God is a human being to whom God gives His guidance and whom He charges with the task of conveying that guidance to the people, so that they may do good and avoid evil.
God did not limit His guidance to a single geographic territory or chosen group of people.Prophets were systematically sent to every single nation across the earth throughout various stages of human history.
Muslims are strictly required to maintain belief in every single prophet and messenger sent by God. This belief must be completely equal, meaning no distinctions or hierarchies of validity are made between them. This universal recognition applies regardless of the specific country or historical era in which they appeared.
The Quran mentions multiple prophets by name, including Biblical figures such as Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and Jesus, alongside non-Biblical prophets like Luqman, Eber, and Ezekiel.
All prophets gave the same basic teaching: that man should worship God, and God alone, and do good to his fellow beings. Ofcourse, the details of the teachings differed according to the nation and the time in which a Prophet appeared. In the Quran, the teachings of all Prophets are called Islam, and the Prophets and their true followers are labelled Muslims. This refers to the fact that the fundamental teachings given by all of them were the same - submission to God.
All Prophets were equally from God, and equally true, but the scope of their missions varied. The messengers before Muhammad were each given teachings limited to their respective nations, because in those times a nation did not have much to do with other nations.
Furthermore, the teachings of each Prophet applied for a limited period of time only, after which God would raise another Prophet to revise some of the teachings for the new circumstances.
The time came to unite all the nations upon a single religion so that mankind may live in peace as one nation. Muhammad, to whom God gave teachings for the whole world for all time to come fulfilled this purpose.
No, Muhammad is explicitly defined as the final prophet from God, and the divine teachings given to him are intended to permanently unite the entire world in one brotherhood.
A Muslim is essentially defined as anyone who believes in and submits to one God; because all of these historical prophets consistently preached the message of pure Monotheism and called people to worship the Creator alone, they are considered to be Muslim in-essence regarding their foundational theological beliefs.
While exact figures vary across tracking traditions, historical records note that God sent thousands of guides to humanity, with traditional sources citing an estimate of 124,000 prophets.
While God has sent thousands of prophets throughout human history whose names and specific identities remain entirely unknown to us today, historical and scriptural records explicitly identify four specific prophets who came from an Arab background, namely Hud, Saleh, Shuaib, and the final prophet, Muhammad.
Yes, contemporary crowds and close followers frequently identified Jesus as a prophet mighty in word and deed. This status is explicitly preserved in the New Testament gospels, including verses like Matthew 21:11 and Luke 24:19.
Historical and linguistic evidence shows that these prophets spoke ancient Semitic languages, meaning they addressed God using linguistic cognates tightly linked to the Arabic word Allah. Abraham and Moses historically used the Hebrew names El or Elohim, while Jesus addressed God in Aramaic using Elah or Alaha, all of which share identical ancient roots across the Semitic language family tree.
The earliest Jewish-Christians strictly followed traditional Hebrew practices, including daily prayers, circumcision, rituals for purity, fasting, dietary laws, and temple, according to the source material.
A political placard accusing Jesus of making this claim was nailed to his cross, and this historical artifact can be found today at the Church of Santa Croce in Rome.
Jesus fully observed the laws of the Torah, maintained kosher dietary regulations, and never asked his followers to abandon Judaism, as they continued to meet at the Temple and practice circumcision rather than establishing a separate religion or attending a church.
Between 55 and 66 CE, early Jewish-Christian leaders in Jerusalem rejected Paul's teachings and challenged his authority, leading to a significant decline in his popularity.
Yes, Jesus and early followers were entirely Jewish, strictly observing traditional laws and customs.
Before his conversion, Saul actively sought to imprison and execute early Jewish-Christians. Saul believed that he was serving God by finding Christians, throwing them into prison, and even executing them.
Faithful Jews viewed Paul's salvation theory as blatant blasphemy because his theological teachings explicitly ridiculed all previous revelations from God, including the sacred Torah, while teaching a doctrine that went against the absolute oneness of God.
Paul viewed the Torah as a temporary guide, claiming it was given to the Jews until they could be saved through faith in Jesus Christ.
The Jewish Rabbis preached a person was saved so long as their intention was to remain within the covenant, and one truly repented and seek forgiveness for their sins.
Paul preached that every person was 'damned' until they was offered salvation. Mans problem was that he was 'in the flesh' in bondage to the Law, sold under Sin, enslaved by the fundamental spirits of the universe (ie. dead).
Paul preached the only cure was liberation from slavery and death by union with Christ, who had conquered death and sin.
The earliest Jewish-Christians did not believe that the resurrection meant Jesus was God, but rather that he was a righteous man approved by God through miracles, wonders, and signs. Based on texts like Acts 2:22-24, they maintained the theological view that Jesus had been raised by God, not that he was the Creator himself.
It was Apostle Paul's dramatic conversion and subsequent teachings that directly resulted in the permanent theological separation of Christianity from Judaism. Within mere months of Jesus' departure, the original human-centric and law-abiding message was fundamentally altered into an independent religious system.
The Bible claims the Messiah will accomplish certain signs:
1. Build the Third Temple (Ezekiel 37:26-28).
2. Gather all Jews back to the Land of Israel (Isaiah 43:5-6).
3. Usher in an era of world peace, and end all hatred, oppression, suffering and disease. As it says: "Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall man learn war anymore." (Isaiah 2:4)
4. Spread universal knowledge of the God of Israel, which will unite humanity as one. As it says: "God will be King over all the world—on that day, God will be One and His Name will be One" (Zechariah 14:9).
The historical fact is that Jesus fulfilled none of these messianic prophecies.
Christians counter that Jesus will fulfill these in the Second Coming, but Jewish sources show that the Messiah will fulfill the prophecies outright, and no concept of a second coming exists.
The Quran recognizes Jews and Christians as "People of the Book" (Ahl al-Kitab), acknowledging that they were given previous divine revelations through prophets like Moses and Jesus. While it praises the righteous among them, it also critiques their theological developments, specifically rejecting the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the divine sonship of Jesus.
Paul was widely viewed by mainstream Jewish communities as a radical apostate and religious heretic because he preached that observance of the Mosaic Torah was no longer required for salvation. This fierce theological conflict frequently resulted in severe public opposition, legal charges before Roman authorities, and physical riots during his travel throughout ancient Mediterranean cities.
Yes, the Quran references previous scriptures in passages like Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:47), which tells the followers of the Gospel to judge by what God has revealed in it. From an academic perspective, this reflects the historical context of 7th-century Medina, where Jews and Christians were recognized as "People of the Book" who possessed divine laws. While Islamic theology holds that modern biblical texts have suffered from textual corruption (tahrif), the Quran historically appeals to the core monotheistic truths remaining in those scriptures to validate Muhammad's message.
First-century Jewish expectations, as discussed in this analysis of Trinity dogma, centered on a human leader, such as a prophet or king from David's line, rather than a divine figure.
A human empowered by God. Not a God-man, a person of the Godhead or part of a Triune God (Trinity)
From the lineage of Abraham (Gen. 22:18)
From the tribe of Judah (Gen. 49:10)
A descendant of David (2 Sam. 7:12)
A Lord under Yahweh, the God of Israel (Ps. 110:1)
From amongst their own people (Jer. 30:21)
The Holy Spirit was understood as God's active, divine power, rather than a distinct, third person of a Trinity.
First century Jews believed the Holy Spirit was another name for God, similar to Yahweh, Elohim or El Shaddai - not a separate Person in the Trinity!
There is no record of Jesus ever trying to correct the Jews and prove the Holy Spirit was a third Person in the Trinity.
The platform asserts that Jesus did not claim divinity in this instance, and that his mention of Psalm 82:6 in John 10:34 was a defense noting that human judges are called "gods" in scripture, thus challenging the accusation of blasphemy.
In the text of the Torah (Leviticus 19:27), God explicitly forbids cutting or rounding off the corners of the hair on the sides of the head and marring the edges of the beard.
The Jewish community regarded the Septuagint only as a translation of the original Hebrew, never as an independent or authoritative scripture.
The text suggests that the Greeks perceived Judaism as an insular tradition, weakened by long-term Roman occupation, economic decline, and emigration.