Muhammad's Military Expeditions - Were they Offensive Jihad or Defensive? | Ayman Ibrahim

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Uploaded: 11 Jan 2025 (2 years ago) · Shared: 01 Jul 2026

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In this interview, I chat with Dr. Ayman S. Ibrahim, the Bill and Connie Jenkins Professor of Islamic Studies at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and Director of the Jenkins Center for the

Christian Understanding of Islam. He is the author of Muhammad's Military Expeditions: A Critical Reading in Original Muslim Sources (Oxford University Press, 2024).

We discuss the historical and religious significance of Muhammad’s military campaigns, their role in the early Muslim community, and their lasting impact on Islamic theology and practice. Dr. Ibrahim provides insights into how these expeditions were interpreted within early Islam and sheds light on their broader socio-political and theological implications.

Dr. Ibrahim has two PhDs in Islamic History. He is a leading expert in Islamic historiography, Christian-Muslim relations, and Qur’anic studies. He has published the following works: Muhammad’s Military Expeditions (Oxford University Press, 2024) | Introducing Islam (Baker Academic, 2020–2024) | Islam and the Bible (B&H, 2023) | A Concise Guide to Islam (Baker Academic, 2023) | Medieval Encounters: Arabic-speaking Christians and Islam (Gorgias, 2022) | A Concise Guide to the Life of Muhammad (Baker Academic, 2022) | In Search of the True Religion (Gorgias, 2022) | Conversion to Islam (Oxford University Press, 2021) | Basics of Arabic (Zondervan, 2021) | A Concise Guide to the Quran (Baker Academic, 2020) | The Stated Motivations for the Early Islamic Expansion (Peter Lang, 2018) | Muslim Conversions to Christ (Peter Lang, 2018)

Muhammad’s Military Expeditions here: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammads-military-expeditions-9780197769171?cc=us&lang=en&

Dr. Ibrahim’s review of Juan Cole’s “Muhammad Prophet of Peace”: https://www.academia.edu/40107692/My_Review_of_Juan_Coles_Muhammad_Prophet_of_Peace_Amid_the_Clash_of_Empires

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EXPLORE TOPICS : JIHAD | 5 GABRIEL REYNOLDS | 16 EXPLORING QURAN BIBLE | 4

MUHAMMAD

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Explore Topics: Jihad, Gabriel Reynolds (2)

What is Jihad? Jihad is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim. It can have many shades of meaning in an Islamic context, such as struggle against one's evil inclinations, an exertion to convert unbelievers, or efforts toward the moral betterment of society though it is most frequently associated with war. In classical Islamic law, the term often refers to armed struggle against unbelievers, while modernist Islamic scholars generally equate military jihad with defensive warfare. In Sufi and pious circles, spiritual and moral jihad has been traditionally emphasized under the name of greater jihad.
Who is Gabriel Reynolds? Gabriel Reynolds is an American academic and historian of religion who serves as professor of Islamic Studies and Theology at the University of Notre Dame. His scholarship focuses on World Religions and World Church, History of Christianity, Quranic Studies, Islamic Origins, and Muslim-Christian relations. Gabriel Said Reynolds obtained his PhD in Islamic Studies at Yale University.<br><br>The 'Exploring the Quran and the Bible' Youtube channel is dedicated to thoughtful, cutting-edge, and respectful conversations with leading scholars worldwide on the Bible or the Quran.

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EXPLORE TOPICS : JIHAD | 5 GABRIEL REYNOLDS | 16 EXPLORING QURAN BIBLE | 4

MUHAMMAD

Say, We believe in God and what was sent down to us, and what was sent down to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the Tribes, and what was given to Moses, Jesus and all the Prophets by their Lord
Quran 2:136

Jesus said to him, 'I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me
John 14:6

Ye have heard how I said unto you, I go away, and come again unto you. If ye loved me, ye would rejoice, because I said, I go unto the Father: for my Father is greater than I
John 14:28

Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord
Deuteronomy 6:4

The Creator of the heavens and the earth. He has made for you mates from yourselves, and for the cattle (also) mates. By this means He creates you (in the wombs)
Quran 42:11

O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians): Come to a word that is just between us and you, that we worship none but Allah, and that we associate no partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as lords besides Allah
Quran 3:64

I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me
John 5:30

Indeed, We have revealed to you, (O Muhammad), as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him. And we revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the Descendants, Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon, and to David We gave the book (of Psalms)
Quran 4:163

Blessed be He Who has placed in the heaven big stars, and has placed therein a great lamp (sun), and a moon giving light. And He it is Who has put the night and the day in succession
Quran 25:61

He (Jesus) Himself stood in their midst and said to them, Peace be to you
Luke 24:36

O My servants who have transgressed against themselves, do not despair of the mercy of God. Indeed, God forgives all sins. Indeed, it is He who is the Forgiving, the Merciful
Quran 39: 53

Indeed, man is in loss, except those who have faith and do righteous deeds, and advise one another to truth and patience
Quran 103:1-3

The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord
Mark 12:29

Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God
John 20:17

And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
Matthew 27:46

Verily, verily, I say unto you, The servant is not greater than his lord; neither he that is sent greater than he that sent him.
John 13:16

Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind
Matthew 22:37

By myself I can do nothing; I judge only as I hear, and my judgment is just, for I seek not to please myself but him who sent me.
John 5:30

Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise.
John 5:19

Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.
Matthew 7:21

Remember the former things, those of long ago; I am God, and there is no other; I am God, and there is none like me
Isaiah 49:9

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Muhammad's Military Expeditions - Were they Offensive Jihad or Defensive? | Ayman Ibrahim | Exploring Quran Bible

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Explore Topics: Jihad, Gabriel Reynolds (2)

What is Jihad?

Who is Gabriel Reynolds?

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