UMAYYAD UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
The Umayyad Caliphate or the Umayyad Empire was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750.
It succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate, of which the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, was also a member of the Umayyad clan. The Umayyad family established hereditary rule under Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the long-time governor of Greater Syria, who became caliph after emerging victorious in the First Fitna following the assassination of Ali in 661. Syria remained the Umayyads' core power base thereafter, with Damascus as their capital. After Muawiya's death in 680, Umayyad authority was challenged in the Second Fitna, during which the Sufyanid line was replaced in 684 by Marwan ibn al-Hakam, who founded the Marwanid line that restored Umayyad rule over the Caliphate.
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Abd al-Malik - The Most Influential Caliph in 
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1.How is John connected to the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria?
The primary tradition holds that his head was recovered after his beheading and interred in Damascus. The Shrine of Saint John the Baptist inside the mosque's main prayer hall is believed to house his head and is venerated by both Muslims and Christians.
