Linguistically, the name Yeshua (Jesus) means 'Yahweh is salvation' or 'The Lord saves' in ancient Hebrew. It is the exact same name as the Old Testament figure Joshua, highlighting a theological theme of deliverance and salvation within biblical history.
The name Yahweh is the principal, sacred vocalisation of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton (YHWH), revealed historically to Moses in the Old Testament Book of Exodus as God's personal covenant name. Biblical scholars note its linguistic roots link directly to an archaic Hebrew verb meaning 'To Be,' signifying the eternal, self-existing, and uncreated nature of the Creator.
First-century Jewish expectations, as discussed in this analysis of Trinity dogma, centered on a human leader, such as a prophet or king from David's line, rather than a divine figure.
A human empowered by God. Not a God-man, a person of the Godhead or part of a Triune God (Trinity)
From the lineage of Abraham (Gen. 22:18)
From the tribe of Judah (Gen. 49:10)
A descendant of David (2 Sam. 7:12)
A Lord under Yahweh, the God of Israel (Ps. 110:1)
From amongst their own people (Jer. 30:21)
The Holy Spirit was understood as God's active, divine power, rather than a distinct, third person of a Trinity.
First century Jews believed the Holy Spirit was another name for God, similar to Yahweh, Elohim or El Shaddai - not a separate Person in the Trinity!
There is no record of Jesus ever trying to correct the Jews and prove the Holy Spirit was a third Person in the Trinity.
In Exodus 3:14, God reveals His divine name to Moses as 'I AM WHO I AM' (Hebrew: Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh). In the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), this is rendered as 'Ego eimi ho on' ('I am the Being'). Scholars note that Jesus' absolute uses of 'Ego Eimi' echo both Exodus 3:14 and the self-declarations of Yahweh found throughout the book of Isaiah.
Non-Trinitarian groups often translate 'Ego Eimi' in John 8:58 as a progressive perfect tense rather than a present tense, rendering it as 'I have been' (e.g., 'before Abraham came into existence, I have been'). They argue that Jesus was asserting his literal or conceptual pre-existence as God's first creation (the Messiah), rather than claiming to be Yahweh Himself.
In the Septuagint translation of Isaiah (e.g., Isaiah 41:4, 43:10, and 45:18), God repeatedly declares 'Ego Eimi' to assert that He alone is Yahweh and there is no other Savior. New Testament scholars recognize that John's Jesus adopts this precise phrasing from Isaiah to show that the long-awaited salvation and physical embodiment of Yahweh is now present in Christ.
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