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T I M E L I N E
Reign of Fatimid al-Hakim | 110 AD
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110 AD
Reign of Fatimid al-Hakim
Hamza ibn Ali forms basis of esoteric Druze religion.
Hamza ibn Ali forms basis of esoteric Druze religion.
Muhammad Born | 570 AD
MUHAMMAD
2 of 175
570 AD
MUHAMMAD
2 of 175
Birth of Muhammad | 570 AD
MUHAMMAD
3 of 175
570 AD
MUHAMMAD
3 of 175
Birth of Muhammad | 570 AD
4 of 175
570 AD
Muhammad Marriage with Khadijah | 595 AD
5 of 175
595 AD
Quran Revelation Starts | 609 AD
609 AD
Revelation - First | 609 AD
MUHAMMAD
7 of 175
609 AD
MUHAMMAD
Revelation - First
Muhammad recites a chapter of the Quran for the first time after angel Gabriel reveals surah Al-Alaq in the cave of Hira.
Muhammad recites a chapter of the Quran for the first time after angel Gabriel reveals surah Al-Alaq in the cave of Hira.
Revelation - Second | 610 AD
MUHAMMAD
8 of 175
610 AD
MUHAMMAD
Revelation - Second
Muhammad receives the second revelation with surah Al-Muddathir
Muhammad receives the second revelation with surah Al-Muddathir
Muhammad receives first vision in a cave near Mecca | 610 AD
9 of 175
610 AD
Muhammad - First Revelation from God | 610 AD
10 of 175
610 AD
Muhammad preaches in Mecca | 616 AD
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616 AD
Muhammad - Death of Khadijah and Abu Talib | 620 AD
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620 AD
Surah Al-Baqara | 622 AD
622 AD
Hijra - Muhammad and followers flee to Medina | 622 AD
14 of 175
622 AD
Hijra - Muhammad and followers flee to Medina
Islamic calendar (AH, Anno Hegirae) begins
Islamic calendar (AH, Anno Hegirae) begins
Muhammad - The Hijra, or Flight to Medina | 622 AD
15 of 175
622 AD
Makkan Period | 623 AD
623 AD
Surah Al-Anfal | 624 AD
624 AD
Muslims successfully attack Meccan caravans at Badr | 624 AD
18 of 175
624 AD
Muhammad - The Battle of Badr | 624 AD
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624 AD
Muslims are defeated by Meccans at Uhud | 625 AD
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625 AD
Muslims capture Mecca | 630 AD
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630 AD
Muslims capture Mecca
.Ka'ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized, tribes of Arabia vow allegiance to Muhammad
.Ka'ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized, tribes of Arabia vow allegiance to Muhammad
Muhammad - Capture of Mecca | 630 AD
22 of 175
630 AD
Quran Revelation Ends | 632 AD
632 AD
Madinan Period | 632 AD
632 AD
Surah Al-Maida | 632 AD
632 AD
Death of Muhammad | 632 AD
632 AD
Death of Muhammad | 632 AD
MUHAMMAD
27 of 175
632 AD
MUHAMMAD
Death of Muhammad
Death of Muhammad triggers political panic; Abu Bakr is elected the first Caliph; the Riddah (Apostasy) Wars begin to reclaim rebel Arab tribes.
Death of Muhammad triggers political panic; Abu Bakr is elected the first Caliph; the Riddah (Apostasy) Wars begin to reclaim rebel Arab tribes.
Muhammad - Death of Muhammad; Abu Bakr is Caliph | 632 AD
28 of 175
632 AD
Wars of ridda (apostasy) restore allegiance to Islam | 633 AD
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633 AD
Muslim conquests (Futuhat) begin | 633 AD
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633 AD
Suppression of rebellions | 633 AD
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633 AD
Suppression of rebellions
Suppression of rebellions finishes in Central Arabia; Khalid ibn al-Walid launches campaigns into Iraq, capturing Al-Hira.
Suppression of rebellions finishes in Central Arabia; Khalid ibn al-Walid launches campaigns into Iraq, capturing Al-Hira.
Abu Bakr | 634 AD
MUHAMMAD
32 of 175
634 AD
MUHAMMAD
Abu Bakr
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the entire Quran continued to be remembered in the hearts of the early Muslims. Hundreds of the early Companions of the Prophet had memorized the entire revelation, and Muslims daily recited large portions of the text from memory. Many of the early Muslims also had personal written copies of the Quran recorded on various materials.
Ten years after the Hijrah (632 C.E.), many of these scribes and early Muslim devotees were killed in the Battle of Yamama. While the community mourned the loss of their comrades, they also began to worry about the long-term preservation of the Holy Quran. Recognizing that the words of Allah needed to be collected in one place and preserved, the Caliph Abu Bakr ordered all people who had written pages of the Quran to compile them in one place. The project was organized and supervised by one of the Prophet Muhammad’s key scribes, Zayd bin Thabit.
The process of compiling the Quran from these various written pages was done in four steps:
Zayd bin Thabit verified each verse with his own memory. Umar ibn Al-Khattab verified each verse. Both men had memorized the entire Quran.
Two reliable witnesses had to testify that the verses were written in the presence of the Prophet Muhammad. The verified written verses were collated with those from the collections of other Companions.
This method of cross-checking and verifying from more than one source was undertaken with the utmost care. The purpose was to prepare an organized document which the entire community could verify, endorse, and use as a resource when needed.
This complete text of the Quran was kept in the possession of Abu Bakr, and then passed on to the next Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. After his death, they were given to his daughter Hafsah (who was also a widow of the Prophet Muhammad).
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the entire Quran continued to be remembered in the hearts of the early Muslims. Hundreds of the early Companions of the Prophet had memorized the entire revelation, and Muslims daily recited large portions of the text from memory. Many of the early Muslims also had personal written copies of the Quran recorded on various materials.
Ten years after the Hijrah (632 C.E.), many of these scribes and early Muslim devotees were killed in the Battle of Yamama. While the community mourned the loss of their comrades, they also began to worry about the long-term preservation of the Holy Quran. Recognizing that the words of Allah needed to be collected in one place and preserved, the Caliph Abu Bakr ordered all people who had written pages of the Quran to compile them in one place. The project was organized and supervised by one of the Prophet Muhammad’s key scribes, Zayd bin Thabit.
The process of compiling the Quran from these various written pages was done in four steps:
Zayd bin Thabit verified each verse with his own memory. Umar ibn Al-Khattab verified each verse. Both men had memorized the entire Quran.
Two reliable witnesses had to testify that the verses were written in the presence of the Prophet Muhammad. The verified written verses were collated with those from the collections of other Companions.
This method of cross-checking and verifying from more than one source was undertaken with the utmost care. The purpose was to prepare an organized document which the entire community could verify, endorse, and use as a resource when needed.
This complete text of the Quran was kept in the possession of Abu Bakr, and then passed on to the next Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. After his death, they were given to his daughter Hafsah (who was also a widow of the Prophet Muhammad).
Battle of Ajnadayn | 634 AD
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634 AD
Battle of Ajnadayn
Battle of Ajnadayn marks major victory against Byzantines; Abu Bakr dies; Umar I becomes second Caliph; Muslims suffer defeat at the Battle of the Bridge.
Battle of Ajnadayn marks major victory against Byzantines; Abu Bakr dies; Umar I becomes second Caliph; Muslims suffer defeat at the Battle of the Bridge.
Conquest of Syria | 634 AD
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634 AD
Siege of Damascus | 635 AD
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635 AD
Siege of Damascus
Siege of Damascus ends in its capitulation; military operations expand heavily across Syria.
Siege of Damascus ends in its capitulation; military operations expand heavily across Syria.
Conquest of Persia | 635 AD
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635 AD
Battle of Yarmouk | 636 AD
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636 AD
Battle of Yarmouk
Battle of Yarmouk secures Muslim victory over the Byzantine army; Battle of al-Qadisiyyah shatters Sasanian Persian forces.
Battle of Yarmouk secures Muslim victory over the Byzantine army; Battle of al-Qadisiyyah shatters Sasanian Persian forces.
Capture of Jerusalem | 637 AD
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637 AD
Capture of Jerusalem
Capture of Jerusalem by Caliph Umar; Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon falls; garrison cities of Kufa and Basra are founded.
Capture of Jerusalem by Caliph Umar; Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon falls; garrison cities of Kufa and Basra are founded.
Muslim armies take the Fertile Crescent | 638 AD
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638 AD
Muslim armies take the Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent being Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, North African coast, parts of Persian and Byzantine Empires
Fertile Crescent being Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, North African coast, parts of Persian and Byzantine Empires
Plague of Amwas | 639 AD
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639 AD
Plague of Amwas
Plague of Amwas devastates Syria; severe famine strikes Arabia; Amr ibn al-As initiates the military push into Egypt.
Plague of Amwas devastates Syria; severe famine strikes Arabia; Amr ibn al-As initiates the military push into Egypt.
Conquest of Egypt | 640 AD
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640 AD
Fall of Alexandria | 641 AD
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641 AD
Fall of Alexandria
Fall of Alexandria completes the conquest of Egypt; Sasanian resistance is crushed at the Battle of Nihavand.
Fall of Alexandria completes the conquest of Egypt; Sasanian resistance is crushed at the Battle of Nihavand.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab | 644 AD
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644 AD
Umar ibn Al-Khattab
This complete text of the Quran was kept in the possession of Abu Bakr, and then passed on to the next Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. After his death, they were given to his daughter Hafsah (who was also a widow of the Prophet Muhammad).
This complete text of the Quran was kept in the possession of Abu Bakr, and then passed on to the next Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. After his death, they were given to his daughter Hafsah (who was also a widow of the Prophet Muhammad).
Assassination of Umar | 644 AD
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644 AD
Assassination of Umar
Assassination of Caliph Umar by a Persian slave; Uthman ibn Affan is chosen as the third Caliph.
Assassination of Caliph Umar by a Persian slave; Uthman ibn Affan is chosen as the third Caliph.
Naval expansion begins | 647 AD
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647 AD
Naval expansion begins
Naval expansion begins with raids on Cyprus; land campaigns push deeper into North Africa.
Naval expansion begins with raids on Cyprus; land campaigns push deeper into North Africa.
Caliph Uthman has the Quran written down | 650 AD
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650 AD
Death of Yazdegerd III | 651 AD
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651 AD
Death of Yazdegerd III
Death of Yazdegerd III marks the official end of the Sasanian Empire.
Death of Yazdegerd III marks the official end of the Sasanian Empire.
Compilation of the Quran | 651 AD
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651 AD
Compilation of the Quran
Uthman orders the standardisation and compilation of the Quran.
Uthman orders the standardisation and compilation of the Quran.
The Caliphs of Damascus, Syria | 651 AD
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651 AD
Uthman ibn Affan | 653 AD
653 AD
Battle of the Masts | 654 AD
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654 AD
Battle of the Masts
Battle of the Masts results in a major naval victory over the Byzantine fleet in the Mediterranean.
Battle of the Masts results in a major naval victory over the Byzantine fleet in the Mediterranean.
Uthman bin Affan | 656 AD
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656 AD
Uthman bin Affan
As Islam began to spread throughout the Arabian peninsula, more and more people entered the fold of Islam from as far away as Persia and Byzantine. Many of these new Muslims were not native Arabic speakers, or they spoke a slightly different Arabic pronunciation from the tribes in Makkah and Madinah. People began to dispute about which pronunciations were most correct. Caliph Uthman bin Affan took charge of ensuring that the recitation of the Quran is of a standard pronunciation.
The first step was to borrow the original, compiled copy of the Quran from Hafsah. A committee of early Muslim scribes was tasked with making transcripts of the original copy, and ensuring the sequence of the chapters (surahs). When these perfect copies had been completed, Uthman bin Affan ordered all remaining transcripts to be destroyed, so that all copies of the Quran were uniform in script.
All Qurans available in the world today are exactly identical to the Uthmani version, which was completed less than twenty years after the death of Prophet Muhammad.
Later, some minor improvements were made in the Arabic script (adding dots and diacritical marks), to make it easier for non-Arabs to read. However, the text of the Quran has remained the same.
As Islam began to spread throughout the Arabian peninsula, more and more people entered the fold of Islam from as far away as Persia and Byzantine. Many of these new Muslims were not native Arabic speakers, or they spoke a slightly different Arabic pronunciation from the tribes in Makkah and Madinah. People began to dispute about which pronunciations were most correct. Caliph Uthman bin Affan took charge of ensuring that the recitation of the Quran is of a standard pronunciation.
The first step was to borrow the original, compiled copy of the Quran from Hafsah. A committee of early Muslim scribes was tasked with making transcripts of the original copy, and ensuring the sequence of the chapters (surahs). When these perfect copies had been completed, Uthman bin Affan ordered all remaining transcripts to be destroyed, so that all copies of the Quran were uniform in script.
All Qurans available in the world today are exactly identical to the Uthmani version, which was completed less than twenty years after the death of Prophet Muhammad.
Later, some minor improvements were made in the Arabic script (adding dots and diacritical marks), to make it easier for non-Arabs to read. However, the text of the Quran has remained the same.
Uthman is murdered; Ali becomes fourth caliph | 656 AD
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656 AD
Assassination of Uthman | 656 AD
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656 AD
Assassination of Uthman
Assassination of Caliph Uthman by insurgents in Medina.
Assassination of Caliph Uthman by insurgents in Medina.
Ali becomes the fourth Caliph | 656 AD
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656 AD
Ali becomes the fourth Caliph
Ali becomes the fourth Caliph; First Fitna (civil war) erupts with the Battle of the Camel.
Ali becomes the fourth Caliph; First Fitna (civil war) erupts with the Battle of the Camel.
Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, claims caliphate | 657 AD
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657 AD
Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, claims caliphate
Battle of Siffin
Battle of Siffin
Battle of Siffin | 657 AD
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657 AD
Battle of Siffin
Battle of Siffin pits Ali against Muawiyah; military stalemate forces a political arbitration, prompting the Kharijite secession.
Battle of Siffin pits Ali against Muawiyah; military stalemate forces a political arbitration, prompting the Kharijite secession.
Arbitration of Adhruh collapses | 658 AD
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658 AD
Arbitration of Adhruh collapses
Arbitration of Adhruh collapses; Caliph Ali defeats the Kharijites at Nahrawan; Muawiyah seizes control of Egypt.
Arbitration of Adhruh collapses; Caliph Ali defeats the Kharijites at Nahrawan; Muawiyah seizes control of Egypt.
Arbitration at Adruh is opposed by Ali's supporters | 659 AD
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659 AD
Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) - Starts with Muawiya (661-680 AD) | 661 AD
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661 AD
Sana'a manuscript | 661 AD
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661 AD
Sana'a manuscript
The estimated radiocarbon dating of the oldest surviving copy of the Quran, the Sana'a manuscript
The estimated radiocarbon dating of the oldest surviving copy of the Quran, the Sana'a manuscript
Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) | 661 AD
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661 AD
Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph
Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph
Assassination of Ali | 661 AD
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661 AD
Assassination of Ali
Assassination of Caliph Ali by a Kharijite; Hasan ibn Ali abdicates shortly after; Muawiyah I establishes the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus.
Assassination of Caliph Ali by a Kharijite; Hasan ibn Ali abdicates shortly after; Muawiyah I establishes the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus.
Death of Hasan ibn Ali | 669 AD
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669 AD
Death of Hasan ibn Ali
Death of Hasan ibn Ali in Medina; Umayyad forces launch initial naval blockades against Constantinople.
Death of Hasan ibn Ali in Medina; Umayyad forces launch initial naval blockades against Constantinople.
Umayyad Caliphate - Reign of Muawiya/Yazid Ends (661-680 AD) | 680 AD
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680 AD
Umayyad Caliphate - Husayn Ibn Ali killed at Karbala during Second Civil War (fitna) | 680 AD
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680 AD
Death of Husayn | 680 AD
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680 AD
Death of Husayn
The death marks beginning of the Shi'at Ali ("party of Ali") or Shi'a sect.
The death marks beginning of the Shi'at Ali ("party of Ali") or Shi'a sect.
Death of Muawiyah I | 680 AD
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680 AD
Death of Muawiyah I
Death of Muawiyah I; his son Yazid I takes power; Husayn ibn Ali is martyred at the Battle of Karbala, sparking the Second Fitna.
Death of Muawiyah I; his son Yazid I takes power; Husayn ibn Ali is martyred at the Battle of Karbala, sparking the Second Fitna.
Umayyad Caliphate - Ibn Al-Zubayr Rebellion | 681 AD
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681 AD
Umayyad Caliphate - Ibn Al-Zubayr Rebellion
Counter Caliphate in Hijaz, 10+ years. Marwan I takes power
Counter Caliphate in Hijaz, 10+ years. Marwan I takes power
Umayyad Caliphate - Abd Al-Malik's Reforms, consolidation (685-705 AD) | 685 AD
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685 AD
Reign of Abd al-Malik | 695 AD
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695 AD
Reign of Abd al-Malik
Centralization of administration - Arabic becomes official written language (instead of Greek and Persian) and Arab coinage is established.
Centralization of administration - Arabic becomes official written language (instead of Greek and Persian) and Arab coinage is established.
Africa converts to Islam | 698 AD
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698 AD
Africa converts to Islam
Ruling classes in East and West Africa convert to Islam.
Ruling classes in East and West Africa convert to Islam.
Islam spreads in Central Asia and China | 700 AD
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700 AD
Arab armies enter Spain from North Africa | 710 AD
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710 AD
Muslim rule in Spain | 711 AD
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711 AD
Umayyad Caliphate - Umar II, 'the pious and just caliph' (717-720 AD) | 717 AD
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717 AD
Umayyad Caliphate - Hisham (724-743 AD) | 724 AD
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724 AD
Muslim empire reaches its maximum extent | 732 AD
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732 AD
Muslim empire reaches its maximum extent
Battle of Tours prevents further advance northwards.
Battle of Tours prevents further advance northwards.
Battle of Tours; Europe saved from Islam | 732 AD
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732 AD
Revolt defeats the Umayyads | 747 AD
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747 AD
The Caliphs of Baghdad | 749 AD
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749 AD
Umayyad Caliphate - End of Umayyad dynasty, Abbasids take over | 750 AD
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750 AD
Groups of ascetics and mystics begin to form | 750 AD
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750 AD
Abu Abbas becomes caliph in Iraq | 750 AD
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750 AD
Baghdad is new Abbasid capital | 754 AD
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754 AD
Baghdad is new Abbasid capital
Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam, "city of peace") becomes the new capital of the Abbasid empire.
Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam, "city of peace") becomes the new capital of the Abbasid empire.
Abd ar-Rahman founds an Umayyad Dynasty in Cordoba, Spain | 755 AD
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755 AD
Division within Shi'ites | 765 AD
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765 AD
Division within Shi'ites
Majority Shias are the modern Imamiyya (Twelvers) who co-exist with Abbasid caliphs; minority are more extreme Isma'iliyaa (Seveners).
Majority Shias are the modern Imamiyya (Twelvers) who co-exist with Abbasid caliphs; minority are more extreme Isma'iliyaa (Seveners).
Reign of Harun ar-Rashid | 797 AD
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797 AD
Reign of Harun ar-Rashid
Harun ar-Rashid best known through the stories of The Thousand and One Nights.
Harun ar-Rashid best known through the stories of The Thousand and One Nights.
Hadith collections (sayings of the Prophet) compiled | 800 AD
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800 AD
Hadith collections (sayings of the Prophet) compiled
Sicily comes under Muslim rule.
Sicily comes under Muslim rule.
Reign of Ma'mun | 823 AD
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823 AD
Reign of Ma'mun
Theological controversy over whether the Quran is created or uncreated and eternal. Center for translation of texts from Greek to Arabic founded in Baghdad.
Theological controversy over whether the Quran is created or uncreated and eternal. Center for translation of texts from Greek to Arabic founded in Baghdad.
University of al-Karaouine | 859 AD
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859 AD
University of al-Karaouine
The oldest Quranic school (madrasah) in University of al-Karaouine is built
The oldest Quranic school (madrasah) in University of al-Karaouine is built
Uprisings of black slaves (Zanj) defeated. | 876 AD
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876 AD
Tafsir al-Tabari | 883 AD
MUHAMMAD
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883 AD
MUHAMMAD
Tafsir al-Tabari
The oldest surviving major tafsir collection was completed, namely Tafsir al-Tabari
The oldest surviving major tafsir collection was completed, namely Tafsir al-Tabari
Quran Translated | 884 AD
MUHAMMAD
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884 AD
MUHAMMAD
Quran Translated
The first complete translation of the Quran into a foreign language
http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/
The first complete translation of the Quran into a foreign language
http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/
First Fatimid caliph in Tunisia | 908 AD
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908 AD
Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman III declares himself caliph in Cordoba | 928 AD
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928 AD
Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia imam, disappears | 940 AD
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940 AD
Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia imam, disappears
Shia Twelvers still await the future return of the "Hidden Imam."
Shia Twelvers still await the future return of the "Hidden Imam."
Persians invade Baghdad | 945 AD
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945 AD
Persians invade Baghdad
The Buyids (Persian) invade Baghdad and take power from caliph.
The Buyids (Persian) invade Baghdad and take power from caliph.
Fatimids gain power in Egypt | 969 AD
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969 AD
Fatimids gain power in Egypt
Fatimids gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. Cairo (Al-Qahira, "the victorious city") is founded.
Fatimids gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. Cairo (Al-Qahira, "the victorious city") is founded.
West Africa begins to convert to Islam | 990 AD
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990 AD
Life of Avicenna | 1009 AD
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1009 AD
Life of Avicenna
Life of Avicenna, Iranian physician and Aristotelian philosopher.
Life of Avicenna, Iranian physician and Aristotelian philosopher.
Mahmoud of Gazni enters India | 1019 AD
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1019 AD
Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba defeated by the Christian Reconquista | 1030 AD
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1030 AD
Crusader kingdoms are briefly established in Palestine and Syria | 1050 AD
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1050 AD
Crusader kingdoms are briefly established in Palestine and Syria
Reconquista takes more of Spain, Sicily falls to the Normans
Reconquista takes more of Spain, Sicily falls to the Normans
Seljuk Turks take Baghdad | 1055 AD
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1055 AD
Seljuk Turks take Baghdad
Abbasids now only nominal rulers.
Abbasids now only nominal rulers.
Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert. | 1071 AD
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1071 AD
Hasan-i Sabbah takes Alamut in the Persian mountains | 1090 AD
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1090 AD
Hasan-i Sabbah takes Alamut in the Persian mountains
The Assassin sect forms around him.
The Assassin sect forms around him.
The First Crusade | 1096 AD
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1096 AD
Christian Crusaders take Jerusalem | 1099 AD
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1099 AD
Islam spreads to Western Sudan | 1100 AD
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1100 AD
The Second Crusade | 1147 AD
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1147 AD
Sufi orders (turuq) are founded | 1150 AD
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1150 AD
Life of Averroës | 1162 AD
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1162 AD
Life of Averroës
Life of Averroës, Muslim philosopher from Cordoba who sought to integrate Islam with Greek thought.
Life of Averroës, Muslim philosopher from Cordoba who sought to integrate Islam with Greek thought.
Fatimid power ends in Egypt with the conquests of Salahuddin. | 1171 AD
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1171 AD
Saladin declares himself sultan of Egypt and Syria | 1174 AD
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1174 AD
Death of Salahuddin | 1193 AD
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1193 AD
Death of Salahuddin
Most of Christian Crusader states have returned to Islam.
Most of Christian Crusader states have returned to Islam.
Mongols take Central Asia; Genghis Khan | 1200 AD
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1200 AD
Genghis Khan and the Mongols enter Persia | 1221 AD
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1221 AD
Mongols take the Punjab | 1241 AD
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1241 AD
Assassins wipes out by the Mongols | 1250 AD
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1250 AD
Assassins wipes out by the Mongols
Indian rulers in Delhi take title of Sultan. Spanish mystic Muhyi al-Din ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240) flourishes.
Indian rulers in Delhi take title of Sultan. Spanish mystic Muhyi al-Din ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240) flourishes.
Mongols capture Baghdad | 1258 AD
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1258 AD
Mongols capture Baghdad
Baghdad city is sacked and caliph is killed. End of Abbasid caliphate.
Baghdad city is sacked and caliph is killed. End of Abbasid caliphate.
Turkish or Ottoman dynasty | 1299 AD
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1299 AD
Reign of Uthman (Osman) | 1303 AD
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1303 AD
Reign of Uthman (Osman)
Reign of Uthman (Osman), who founds the Ottoman Empire. Muslim merchants and missionary Sufis settle in SE Asia.
Reign of Uthman (Osman), who founds the Ottoman Empire. Muslim merchants and missionary Sufis settle in SE Asia.
Ottomans capture Bursa and Iznik and move into Europe | 1350 AD
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1350 AD
Capital of Ottoman Empire moved from Bursa to Adrianople | 1366 AD
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1366 AD
Mogul conqueror in India | 1369 AD
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1369 AD
Ottomas take control of the Balkans | 1375 AD
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1375 AD
Islam reaches the Philippines | 1400 AD
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1400 AD
Mehmet Fatih conquers Constantinople | 1453 AD
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1453 AD
Mehmet Fatih conquers Constantinople
Mehmet Fatih (rules 1451-81) conquers Constantinople. The two halves of the Ottoman Empire are united and the sultan becomes Byzantine emperor.
Mehmet Fatih (rules 1451-81) conquers Constantinople. The two halves of the Ottoman Empire are united and the sultan becomes Byzantine emperor.
Constantinople captured by Turks | 1453 AD
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1453 AD
Castile and Aragon capture Granada, Spain | 1492 AD
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1492 AD
Castile and Aragon capture Granada, Spain
All Muslims (and Jews) expelled from Spain.
All Muslims (and Jews) expelled from Spain.
Battle of Grenada ends Muslim rule in Spain | 1492 AD
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1492 AD
Isma'il claims to be the Hidden Imam | 1501 AD
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1501 AD
Isma'il claims to be the Hidden Imam
Isma'il (1487-1524) claims to be the Hidden Imam and is proclaimed Shah (king) of Persia. Twelver Shi'ism becomes official religion of Persia.
Isma'il (1487-1524) claims to be the Hidden Imam and is proclaimed Shah (king) of Persia. Twelver Shi'ism becomes official religion of Persia.
Islam spreads in East Indies | 1507 AD
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1507 AD
Ottomans conquer Syria and Egypt | 1516 AD
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1516 AD
Ottomans control Mecca and Medina | 1517 AD
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1517 AD
Babur seizes Delhi, India | 1526 AD
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1526 AD
Babur seizes Delhi, India
Babur (Mongolian) seizes the Delhi sultanate and takes control of northern India.
Babur (Mongolian) seizes the Delhi sultanate and takes control of northern India.
Mogul Empire in India | 1527 AD
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1527 AD
Algeria and Tunisia come under Ottoman rule | 1543 AD
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1543 AD
Algeria and Tunisia come under Ottoman rule
Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent; Ottoman Empire reaches its zenith. Hungary and coastlands of Algeria and Tunisia come under Ottoman rule.
Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent; Ottoman Empire reaches its zenith. Hungary and coastlands of Algeria and Tunisia come under Ottoman rule.
Akbar founds the Mughal dynasty in northern India | 1556 AD
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1556 AD
Taj Mahal | 1609 AD
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1609 AD
Taj Mahal
Quranic calligraphy for the Taj Mahal is created by Abdul Haq, aka Amanat Khan
Quranic calligraphy for the Taj Mahal is created by Abdul Haq, aka Amanat Khan
Java comes under rule of Muslim kingdom of Mataram | 1625 AD
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1625 AD
Alexander Ross | 1649 AD
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1649 AD
Alexander Ross
The first known translation of the Quran into the English language by Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I
The first known translation of the Quran into the English language by Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I
Ottoman lands carved up | 1650 AD
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1650 AD
Ottoman lands carved up
Venetians, Habsburgs, and Russians divide European Ottoman lands between them.
Venetians, Habsburgs, and Russians divide European Ottoman lands between them.
Turks defeated before Vienna | 1683 AD
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1683 AD
Treaty of Karlowitz | 1699 AD
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1699 AD
Treaty of Karlowitz
Treaty of Karlowitz confirms first substantial losses of Ottoman Empire in Europe.
Treaty of Karlowitz confirms first substantial losses of Ottoman Empire in Europe.
Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab rejects Sufism | 1725 AD
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1725 AD
Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab rejects Sufism
Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab rejects Sufism and all innovation (bid'a). Founds what becomes the Saudi Arabian kingdom. Hindus regain power from Mughals in northern India.
Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab rejects Sufism and all innovation (bid'a). Founds what becomes the Saudi Arabian kingdom. Hindus regain power from Mughals in northern India.
Mughal empire invaded by the Afghans | 1738 AD
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1738 AD
Islam spreads in Africa | 1750 AD
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1750 AD
Battle of Plassey; British rule in India | 1757 AD
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1757 AD
Afghans ousted by Qajar dynasty | 1779 AD
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1779 AD
Afghans ousted by Qajar dynasty
Afghans ousted by Qajar dynasty, which rules Persia until 1925.
Afghans ousted by Qajar dynasty, which rules Persia until 1925.
Napoleon's expedition to Egypt. | 1798 AD
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1798 AD
Muhammad Ali becomes governor of Egypt | 1805 AD
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1805 AD
Muhammad Ali becomes governor of Egypt
Muhammad Ali becomes governor of Egypt, which becomes independent of the Ottomans, gains control of western Arabia and extends into the Sudan.
Muhammad Ali becomes governor of Egypt, which becomes independent of the Ottomans, gains control of western Arabia and extends into the Sudan.
Henry Martyn in India, Persia and Armenia | 1806 AD
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1806 AD
Greece regains independence from Ottomans. | 1830 AD
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1830 AD
Tanzimat period | 1842 AD
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1842 AD
Tanzimat period
Ottoman Empire undergoes extensive program of modernization in government, law, and medicine.
Ottoman Empire undergoes extensive program of modernization in government, law, and medicine.
Non-Muslim Ottoman citizens granted equality with Muslims | 1850 AD
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1850 AD
India under British rule | 1858 AD
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1858 AD
India under British rule
Last Mughal in India is deposed and India comes under British rule.
Last Mughal in India is deposed and India comes under British rule.
Imad-ud-Din ordained at Amritsar | 1868 AD
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1868 AD
Congress of Berlin | 1878 AD
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1878 AD
Congress of Berlin
Congress of Berlin recognizes independence of Balkan states previously under Muslim rule.
Congress of Berlin recognizes independence of Balkan states previously under Muslim rule.
Founding of North Africa Mission | 1880 AD
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1880 AD
Rise of the Mahdi (Khartoum) | 1881 AD
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1881 AD
British occupy Egypt | 1882 AD
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1882 AD
Reign of Abd al-Hamid II | 1892 AD
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1892 AD
Reign of Abd al-Hamid II
Reign of Abd al-Hamid II; autocratic and religiously conservative period in Ottoman rule.
Reign of Abd al-Hamid II; autocratic and religiously conservative period in Ottoman rule.
Founding of Islamic Union | 1912 AD
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1912 AD
Founding of Islamic Union
Founding of Islamic Union (Sareket Islam), a modernizing movement in SE Asia.
Founding of Islamic Union (Sareket Islam), a modernizing movement in SE Asia.
Ottomon rule ends | 1913 AD
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1913 AD
Ottomon rule ends
Last decade of Ottoman rule. Rise of nationalistic "Young Turks." More liberal policies develop.
Last decade of Ottoman rule. Rise of nationalistic "Young Turks." More liberal policies develop.
Egypt occupied by the British | 1917 AD
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1917 AD
Republic of Turkey established. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) is first president. | 1923 AD
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1923 AD
Tablighi Jamaat reform movement founded in India | 1927 AD
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1927 AD
Ikhwan al-Muslimun (Muslim Brothers) founded in Egypt | 1928 AD
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1928 AD
Jamaat-i Islami reform movement founded in Lahore, India | 1941 AD
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1941 AD
Indonesia becomes independent republic | 1945 AD
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1945 AD
Pakistan founded as Islamic nation | 1947 AD
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1947 AD
Pakistan founded as Islamic nation
Pakistan founded as an Islamic nation. Islam becomes a minority religion in India.
Pakistan founded as an Islamic nation. Islam becomes a minority religion in India.
Islam spreads to West | 1952 AD
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1952 AD
Islam spreads to West
Islam spreads to the West with mass migrations from Asia, Africa, and India.
Islam spreads to the West with mass migrations from Asia, Africa, and India.
Independent Malayan state established | 1957 AD
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1957 AD
Independent Malayan state established
Independent Malayan state established with Islam as the official religion but guaranteed tolerance.
Independent Malayan state established with Islam as the official religion but guaranteed tolerance.
